Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/19163 
Year of Publication: 
2003
Series/Report no.: 
HWWA Discussion Paper No. 222
Publisher: 
Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWA), Hamburg
Abstract: 
This paper analyzes environmental expenditures in Indonesia – a significant newly industrializing economy – reported at the plant level comprising all 23 thousand manufacturing establishments with more than 20 employees. Since compliance is barely enforced, pollution abatement expenditures are effectively voluntary in nature. This allows us to test whether foreign owned firms expend more due to a technology that adheres to stricter Western standards or whether the predominant effect is that both foreign and domestic exporting companies are more environmentally conscious due to better technology transfer or green consumerism in the Western countries. If so, this would contradict conventional wisdom that environmental expenditures reduce competitiveness and that increased levels of foreign direct investment or export-orientation in manufacturing will necessarily pre-empt firms from behaving in a ?greener? fashion.
Subjects: 
Environmental regulation
competitiveness
multinational enterprises
green consumerism
export performance
Indonesia
JEL: 
F1
Q1
Document Type: 
Working Paper

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