Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/51449
Year of Publication: 
2006
Series/Report no.: 
Working Paper No. 572
Publisher: 
Inter-American Development Bank, Research Department, Washington, DC
Abstract: 
Unlike previous empirical studies that focus on barriers to entry in international trade, we focus on barriers to exit as measured by passport costs for a crosssection of countries. We test four common theories on the determinants of such exit barriers and find that macroeconomic and brain-drain explanations do explain high barriers to exit. However, institutional and cultural hypotheses do not appear to be empirically robust explanations of such high barriers. Our findings hold when applying instrumental variables, changes in specification, and changes in cross-country periods.
Subjects: 
International Trade
Passport Costs
Barriers to Exit
Development
Labor
JEL: 
O1
Document Type: 
Working Paper

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