Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/177000 
Year of Publication: 
2017
Series/Report no.: 
IZA Discussion Papers No. 11196
Publisher: 
Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), Bonn
Abstract: 
We review and condense the body of literature on the economic returns of public R&D on private R&D and find that: (i) private returns to R&D appear to be large and larger than the returns to alternative investments; (ii) private R&D and R&D subsidies are positively correlated and there is no evidence for crowding out; (iii) R&D cooperation increases private R&D; (iv) there appear to exist complementarities between alternative sources of funding; (v) the mobility of R&D workers, particularly of university scientists, is positively related to innovation; (vi) there are many university spin-offs but these are no more successful than non-university spin-offs; (vii) universities constitute important collaboration partners and (viii) clusters enhance collaboration, patents and productivity. Key problems for economic policy advice are that the identification of causal effects is problematic in most studies and that little is known about the optimal design of policy measures.
Subjects: 
R&D subsidies
R&D tax credits
cooperation
labor mobility
returns to R&D
university spin-offs
R&D clusters
public-private knowledge transfer
JEL: 
C54
J6
I28
O3
L52
Document Type: 
Working Paper

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