Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/223645 
Year of Publication: 
2020
Series/Report no.: 
IZA Discussion Papers No. 13203
Publisher: 
Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), Bonn
Abstract: 
Around 1870 the U.S. had no research universities of note, while today it accounts for the largest number in the world. Many accounts attribute this transformation to events surrounding World War II. In contrast, this paper traces its origins to reforms that began in the 1870s. We first explain the origins of the American system's weakness at research. We then present an agency theory framework that highlights ingredients necessary for enhanced research performance. These include specialization and meaningful performance metrics. We then discuss reforms that put these ingredients in place. For example: the introduction of specialized and advanced teaching and the ensuing rise of disciplines/departments; the creation of academic journals; the introduction of selective admissions. Throughout, we emphasize the role played by the U.S. university system's free market orientation.
Subjects: 
education
human capital
personnel economics
JEL: 
J24
J44
Document Type: 
Working Paper

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