Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/268053 
Year of Publication: 
2022
Series/Report no.: 
Discussion Papers No. 977
Publisher: 
Statistics Norway, Research Department, Oslo
Abstract: 
This paper introduces a theory-based equivalence scale for public in-kind transfers, which justifies comparison of distributions of extended income (cash income plus the value of public services) between European countries. We demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed equivalence scale in an empirical analysis of the effects of public health care, long-term care, education and childcare expenditure on estimates of income inequality and poverty for 24 European countries. The empirical results show significant effects of public in-kind transfers on the level of income inequality and poverty for all countries. Over the period 2006-2018, inequality and poverty estimates display rather different trends across European countries.
Subjects: 
Income distribution
poverty
equivalence scales
needs adjustment
public services
inkind transfers
JEL: 
D30
H40
I30
Document Type: 
Working Paper

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