Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/280849 
Year of Publication: 
2023
Series/Report no.: 
Working Papers No. 23-6
Publisher: 
Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, Boston, MA
Abstract: 
This study explores the mechanisms explaining the large, persistent effect of the 10-day funding delay in the 2020 Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) on employment recovery during the COVID-19 pandemic, as estimated by Doniger and Kay (2021). We find that the top 1 percent of urban counties by population fully account for the significant effect of the delay on county-level employment. The strong correlation between worse loan delay and slower employment growth in these counties is due to a factor commonly omitted from analyses: The nature of business and the high rate of human interactions in major urban centers render these areas exceptionally and persistently vulnerable to infectious diseases. Moreover, we find that receiving more PPP funding and more transfers from other pandemic-related assistance programs contributed significantly more to local economic recovery compared with receiving PPP funds earlier.
Subjects: 
COVID-19
Paycheck Protection Program
small business credit
remote work
employment
JEL: 
H81
G28
J21
E24
Persistent Identifier of the first edition: 
Document Type: 
Working Paper

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