Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/287864 
Authors: 
Year of Publication: 
2022
Citation: 
[Journal:] Industrial Relations Journal [ISSN:] 1468-2338 [Volume:] 53 [Issue:] 6 [Publisher:] Wiley [Place:] Hoboken, NJ [Year:] 2022 [Pages:] 545-558
Publisher: 
Wiley, Hoboken, NJ
Abstract: 
In the 1990s, German employers' associations started offering bargaining‐free membership. Firms can be members without the obligation to adhere to a collective agreement. This study examines the characteristics of firms choosing a bargaining‐free membership. It shows the influence of works councils, union density, foreign ownership, firm size and firm age.
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Document Type: 
Article
Document Version: 
Published Version

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