Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/296985 
Year of Publication: 
2023
Series/Report no.: 
Working Paper No. 2023:19
Publisher: 
Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy (IFAU), Uppsala
Abstract: 
In vitro fertilization (IVF) has allowed women to delay birth and pursue a career, but it massively increasesthe risk of twin birth. We investigate the extent to which having twins hampers women's careers after birth. To do this, we leverage a single embryo transfer (SET) mandate for IVF procedures implemented in Sweden in 2003, following which the share of twin births showed a precipitous drop of 70%. Linking birth registers to hospitalization and earnings registers, we identify substantial improvements in women's earnings following IVF birth, alongside improvements in maternal and child health and an increase in subsequent fertility. We provide the first comprehensive evaluation of SET. This is relevant given the secular rise in IVF births and the broader rise in the risk of twin birth.
Subjects: 
twins
IVF
single embryo transfer
career costs of children
gender wage gap
fertility
maternal health
neonatal health
gender
JEL: 
J13
I11
I12
I38
J24
Document Type: 
Working Paper

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