Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/298163 
Year of Publication: 
2024
Series/Report no.: 
ADB Economics Working Paper Series No. 717
Publisher: 
Asian Development Bank (ADB), Manila
Abstract: 
This systematic review covers 56 studies that measure the effects of school closures on learning outcomes during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic and 20 studies that evaluate the impact of measures to reduce learning loss. It restricts attention to evaluations with credible control groups and provides the first meta-analysis of learning losses that covers more developing countries (21) than developed ones (15). We find that a year of school closure is associated with learning loss equivalent to 1.1 years' worth of learning and that school reopening mitigates these losses down to 0.5 years. With regard to measures to reduce learning loss, we find that tutoring delivered either in-person or through mobile phones has positive, statistically significant effects on mitigating learning loss.
Subjects: 
learning loss
COVID-19
education
systematic review
meta-analysis
JEL: 
I20
I21
I24
I28
Persistent Identifier of the first edition: 
Creative Commons License: 
cc-by Logo
Document Type: 
Working Paper

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