Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/298924 
Year of Publication: 
2022
Citation: 
[Journal:] Journal of Shipping and Trade (JST) [ISSN:] 2364-4575 [Volume:] 7 [Issue:] 1 [Article No.:] 14 [Year:] 2022 [Pages:] 1-14
Publisher: 
SpringerOpen, London
Abstract: 
Shipping is pivotal for global commerce, yet its externalities are not yet fully set into context, especially with reference to environmental impact. Shipping is a practise developed from the dawn of history. Its manifestation requires the introduction of relevant supporting industries as well, such as port, cargo, and logistics operations. The holistic shipping system has been growing with its main parameter pertaining to accounting cost minimisation. Yet, the shipping ecosystem has been able to exacerbate environmental, social, and health costs that in the end may prove that shipping, in the way that it is conducted, may not be as profitable as it may seem.
Subjects: 
Environment
Health cost
Shipping cost
Social cost
Total cost
Persistent Identifier of the first edition: 
Creative Commons License: 
cc-by Logo
Document Type: 
Article

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