Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/299303 
Year of Publication: 
2024
Series/Report no.: 
Sveriges Riksbank Working Paper Series No. 437
Publisher: 
Sveriges Riksbank, Stockholm
Abstract: 
The expansion of digital payment services like retail Central Bank Digital Currencies (rCBDCs) built on innovative ICT infrastructure, notably datacenters, raises questions regarding potential environmental consequences due to electricity consumption. The design of such systems is critical for environmental impact as it scales with multiple actors and complex protocols as well as being influenced by server location and energy sources. In addition to other critical issues related to rCBDCs, understanding its environmental impact is therefore crucial for policymakers if they are to ensure sustainability. This study analyses one potential rCBDC, the Swedish e-krona project, by focusing on design choices and electricity consumption by comparing to existing retail payment services. Findings indicate that the energy use per transaction of the e-krona is comparable to that of card payments. There are, at the same time, significant differences in energy use depending on whether the design of the infrastructure for the e-krona is centralized or decentralized, where a centralized solution tend to be less energy consuming than a decentralized solution. The study has deployed a lifecycle perspective to explore energy consumption scenarios across various ledger infrastructures enabling a comprehensive assessment.
Subjects: 
Energy Consumption
Climate Impact
Digital Payment
E-krona
rCBDC
JEL: 
E58
O38
P44
Q58
Document Type: 
Working Paper

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