Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/300342 
Authors: 
Year of Publication: 
2024
Series/Report no.: 
Working Paper No. 12.2024
Publisher: 
Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy (IFAU), Uppsala
Abstract: 
This paper examines the impact of parenthood on labor market outcomes for both men and women using population-wide annual income data from 1960 to 2021 in Sweden. First, I document the contemporary child penalties across several labor market outcomes. Second, I show that while the motherhood penalty in earnings declined significantly during the 1960s, 1970s, and early 1980s, the rate of decline slowed from the late 1980s onwards. Third, I identify a fatherhood penalty emerging since the 1980s, particularly pronounced among men in more gender-egalitarian households (proxied by the father's share of parental leave) and among fathers who have sons relative to daughters.
Subjects: 
Parenthood
child penalties
gender earnings gap
JEL: 
J13
J16
J22
J31
Document Type: 
Working Paper

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